25 Microservices Interview Questions
Published on: September 11, 2025
Last updated: October 11, 2025 Read in fullscreen view
Last updated: October 11, 2025 Read in fullscreen view
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Kit of 25 Microservices Interview Questions
1. Basic Knowledge about Microservices
| What are microservices? What are the main differences between microservices and monolithic architecture? | Microservices is a software architecture that divides a system into small, independent services communicating via APIs. Monolithic architecture is a single large application that is hard to scale or deploy independently. |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of microservices architecture in real-world production environments? | Pros: easy to scale, independent deployment, flexible technology stack. Cons: complex management, higher infrastructure costs, harder debugging. |
| In which cases should microservices NOT be applied? | When the application is small, the dev team is small, or the team lacks DevOps/Kubernetes experience. |
| Describe Service Registry and explain why it’s important in microservices. | Service Registry stores information about services and their locations, enabling service discovery and load balancing. |
| What’s the difference between Stateless and Stateful in microservices? | Stateless doesn’t store session state between requests, making it easier to scale. Stateful stores session state, making scaling more complex. |
2. Design & Architecture
| How do you define service boundaries in microservices? | Based on domain-driven design (DDD) and bounded contexts. |
| What is the role of an API Gateway and what benefits does it bring? | Acts as a single entry point, managing authentication, routing, rate limiting, and logging. |
| Compare Synchronous vs Asynchronous communication in microservices. | Synchronous: immediate response using HTTP/gRPC. Asynchronous: decoupled communication using message brokers. |
| When should Event-Driven Architecture be used? | When asynchronous processing, loose coupling, and scalability are required. |
| How do you handle cross-cutting concerns such as logging, security, and rate limiting in microservices? | Use API Gateway, middleware, or a service mesh like Istio. |
| What are the 3 C’s of microservices? | The 3 C’s are Componentize, Collaborate, and Connect. |
3. Deployment & Management
| What are common deployment patterns for microservices? | Blue-Green Deployment, Canary Release, Rolling Update. |
| Why is containerization (Docker, Kubernetes) a good fit for microservices? | It provides isolated environments, easy deployment, scalability, and efficient management. |
| How do you manage service discovery in Kubernetes? | By using internal DNS and Kubernetes Services. |
| What’s your experience with centralized configuration? | Use Spring Cloud Config, Consul, or Kubernetes ConfigMap/Secrets. |
| How would you design an autoscaling mechanism for microservices? | Use Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) based on CPU, memory, or custom metrics. |
4. Data & Integration
| How do you manage distributed data among different services? | Avoid shared databases; use event sourcing or the Saga pattern. |
| Explain the Saga pattern and how it handles distributed transactions. | Saga divides a large transaction into smaller ones, each with its own rollback step in case of failure. |
| Compare “Database per Service” vs “Shared Database”. | Database per service: independent, scalable, but hard to join. Shared database: easy to join, but tightly coupled. |
| How do you synchronize data when a microservice goes down and comes back online? | Use message queues, event sourcing, or retry mechanisms. |
| Describe how to apply CQRS in microservices. | Separate command (write) and query (read) operations to optimize performance and scale independently. |
5. Security, Monitoring & Reliability
| What are common API security techniques in microservices? | OAuth2, JWT, mTLS, API Key. |
| How to implement Distributed Tracing and what are its benefits? | Use Jaeger or Zipkin to trace requests across multiple services. |
| How do you handle cascading failures in a microservices system? | Use Circuit Breaker, Bulkhead pattern, and reasonable timeouts. |
| Explain the Circuit Breaker pattern and a real-world use case. | Prevents repeated calls to a failing service, helping stabilize the system. |
| What are key metrics to monitor in microservices? | Latency, throughput, error rate, resource usage. |
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